Exploring the Connections

Equality in the Body

Morning Reflection
Thursday, March 6, 2008

Today's Readings for the Daily Office (Prayer Book, p. 955)
Psalms 69:1-23(24-30)31-38 (morning)        73 (evening)
Exodus 1:6-22
1 Corinthians 12:12-26
Mark 8:27 - 9:1

It strikes me today as I read this familiar image from Paul about the church being like a body, how important the context is for his words.  He has been scolding the Corinthians for the elitism that is present in their Eucharist.  The wealthy are free to come early, and they bring copious fare to begin eating and drinking before the poorer members arrive, sometimes with nothing to eat.  "For when the time comes to eat, each of you goes ahead with your own supper, and one goes hungry and another becomes drunk"  (11:21)

One of the markers of Paul's churches was the equality of standing for all who were members.  The social divisions that were profoundly ingrained in the Greco-Roman became unraveled in Paul's congregation where "there is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus."  (Galtians 3:28)  He elaborates on that oneness in his imagery of the body.  The metaphor allows for the distinctions between people who have different gifts, different services, different activities in the church.  Though distinct, all are organically connected in the Spirit, working together in mutual support just like the parts of the body work together on behalf of the whole.  It is a beautiful metaphor.

Paul gives special consideration to "the members of the body that seem to be weaker."  They are "indispensable," he says.  Commentators tend to think that Paul is referencing the sexual organs of the human body as being indispensable, yet treated with great honor by being clothed.  The analogy might apply to the members of the congregation who are poor or vulnerable in the society.  It is they whom the church is to honor and protect.

The church as a body is a compelling metaphor, made more focused when seen in the context of the class and wealth divisions that precede this section.

In a way, Paul's egalitarian church is a fulfillment of the conflict that we see beginning as we open our reading in Exodus.  Several centuries have passed in Egypt, and Joseph is no longer remembered.  Pharaoh settled the Hebrew people in the land of Goshen, a fertile pasture land in the delta region of the Nile river, relatively unsettled with some natural barriers and boundaries from the rest of Egypt.  The Hebrews had enjoyed a welcome from the Pharaoh of Joseph.  They performed an important service to the Egyptian economy, raising meat without threatening the grainfields.  Egyptian agriculture was crop based, so it was important to them that grazing animals be kept away from their fields.  Genesis 46 mentions that "all shepherds are abhorrent to the Egyptians.  For good reason -- their animals threatened the crops.  (Reminds me of the song and dance in the Broadway show Oklahoma -- "O the farmer and the cowboy should be friends."  In Egypt, the Hebrews are the cowboys.)  As we begin Exodus, the thirteenth century Pharaoh Ramses II (in all likelihood) begins to oppress the Hebrew people, with forced labor and population control. 

Thus we visit a major theme of scripture:  the injustice that happens when we fail to honor all people equally before God.  God acts on behalf of the poor and the oppressed.  Consistently in the Biblical record we see God's concern for those who are vulnerable to pride and prejudice.  From Exodus to Paul, we see the trajectory toward a community that honors all, giving special respect and protection to the vulnerable, weak and disrespected.  There are few themes more central to the Biblical revelation. 

--Lowell

The Rev'd Lowell Grisham, Rector
St. Paul's Episcopal Church
Fayetteville, Arkansas

The Penitence of Ash Wednesday

by Lowell Grisham
Morning Reflection, Feb 6, 2008

Today's Readings for the Daily Office (Prayer Book, p. 951)
Psalms 95* & 32, 143 (morning)        102, 130 (evening)
Amos 5:6-15
Hebrews 12:1-14
Luke 18:9-14
* for the Invitator

"Happy are they whose transgressions are forgiven and whose sin is put away!"

These are the words from the psalmist to open our readings today.  It is a good day.  A day of penitence, when sin is put away.

"I said, 'I will confess my transgressions to God.'  Then you forgave me the guilt of my sin." (Ps. 32:6)  Our gospel story gives us a picture of one who knows his weakness, failure and brokenness.  "God, be merciful to me, a sinner!" says the tax collector, standing by himself in alienation in the holy temple.  He will leave that place and return to the same corrupt work tomorrow that is his guilty burden today.  Yet, Jesus tells his listeners that this tax collector "went down to his home justified."  He was restored to a right relationship to God, whether he realized it or not.

During our worship today, we will pray one of our tradition's most powerful compositions of self-knowledge and confession, the Litany of Penitence (Prayer Book, p. 267).  No one can read these words consciously and not be struck to the heart.  "God, be merciful to me, a sinner!"  "Happy are they whose transgressions are forgiven and whose sin is put away!"

The Pharisee of our gospel reading is a man who has given his life to God, in discipline and thanksgiving.  He prays gratefully that he has found this way of virtue and good living.  But his pride blocks him from the justification he assumes.  When he looks at others and compares himself, he breaks the seamless garment that is God's relationship and presence with all humanity.

Amos also reminds us of the corporate aspect of our call.  We are not called simply to avoid sin and be individuals of high morals.  We are called to pursue justice as a society and nation, to "establish justice in the gate."  Amos decries the nation for being unresponsive to the needs of the poor while the wealthy live in ease.  He condemns the bribes that the powerful use to advance their interests while the needy are ignored.  Imagine what he would say to our system of lobbying and influence peddling.  These are sins that he insists we address before the Lord can possibly "be gracious to the remnant of Joseph."

Ash Wednesday is a day when we are called to a solemn fast.  We are to look at ourselves with conscious penitence.  We are to confess and to know our forgiveness.  We are to take responsibility for our corporate brokenness and injustice.  And we are to commit our selves to a new way, the disciplines of individual goodness and corporate reform.

Hebrews seeks to inspire us in that discipline.  "Lift your drooping hands and strengthen your weak knees, and make straight paths for your feet...  Pursue peace with everyone, and the holiness without which no one will see the Lord." 

We begin this day like the tax collector, seeking God's mercy.  Happily we embrace Lent's call to discipline -- to prayer, fasting and almsgiving.  These are the tools that the Church commends to us for the healing of our souls and of the world's injustice. 

"Happy are they whose transgressions are forgiven and whose sin is put away!"

~~Lowell

INTEGRITY-Houston inaugurates monthly Eucharist

I received the following letter (see attachment below) from James Cowan, Co-Convener of the Board of INTEGRITY-Houston. The idea of a monthly Eucharist and dinner is a splendid one, and I hope that the many supporters of INTEGRITY within our Exploring The Connections group will be at the inaugural event on November 30, 2007.

Morris

Download SDOC9010.pdf

Homosexuality & the Church: Two Views

Eve Tushnet | Luke Timothy Johnson, Commonweal, Vol. CXXXIV, Number 12, June 15, 2007

SCRIPTURE AND EXPERIENCE
Luke Timothy Johnson

Is the present crisis in Christian denominations over homosexuality really about sex? I don’t think so. If it were, there would be no particular reason why homosexuals should be singled out for attention; there is more than enough sexual disorder among heterosexuals to fuel moral outrage. The church could devote its energies to resisting the widespread commodification of sex in our culture, the manipulation of sexual attraction in order to sell products. It could fight the exploitation of women and children caught in a vast web of international prostitution and pornography. It could correct the perceptions that enabled pedophilia to be practiced and protected among clergy. It could name the many ways that straight males enable such distorted and diseased forms of sexuality.

Instead, the relatively small set of same-sex unions gets singled out for moral condemnation, while the vast pandemic of sexual disorder goes ignored. In my view, this scapegoating of homosexuality has less to do with sex than with perceived threats to the authority of Scripture and the teaching authority of the church. For those opposed to the ordination of women priests and bishops, or of married people, deviation from the uniform and steady practice of the church (glossing over the fact that it has rarely been steady or uniform) means starting down the slippery slope toward rejecting church authority altogether. And accepting covenanted love between persons of the same sex represents the same downward spiral with regard to Scripture, since the Bible nowhere speaks positively or even neutrally about same-sex love (glossing over the relationship of Jonathan and David, see 1 Samuel 18- 2 Samuel 1). For those who think this way, the world is becoming dangerously depraved; a line must be drawn in the sand somewhere, and homosexuality seems clearly to be the place.

Of course, Christianity as actually practiced has never lived in precise accord with the Scriptures. War stands in tension with Jesus’ command of nonviolence, while divorce, even under another name (annulment), defies Jesus’ clear prohibition. And which Christians have ever observed the exhortation in Leviticus to stone psychics and put adulterers to death? But make this point to those opposed to same-sex unions, and you’re liable to find it turned back against you. See how far down the slippery slope we have already come? many will ask. This has to stop somewhere! For them, the authority of Scripture and tradition resides in a set of commands, and loyalty is a matter of obedience. If the church has always taught that same-sex relations are wrong, and the Bible consistently forbids it, then the question is closed.

It is not difficult to understand these positions; indeed, they were probably held by many of us at some point until our lives and the lives of those we love made us begin to question them. So we can-and should-understand the mix of fear and anger that fuels the passionate defense of such positions. For those who hold them, something sacred is at stake. And something sacred is at stake. The authority of Scripture and of the church’s tradition is scarcely trivial. A real challenge confronts those of us who perceive God at work among all persons and in all covenanted and life-enhancing forms of sexual love. That challenge is to take our tradition and the Scripture with at least as much seriousness as those who use the Bible as a buttress for rejecting forms of sexual love they fear or cannot understand.

The task demands intellectual honesty. I have little patience with efforts to make Scripture say something other than what it says, through appeals to linguistic or cultural subtleties. The exegetical situation is straightforward: we know what the text says. But what are we to do with what the text says? We must state our grounds for standing in tension with the clear commands of Scripture, and include in those grounds some basis in Scripture itself. To avoid this task is to put ourselves in the very position that others insist we already occupy-that of liberal despisers of the tradition and of the church’s sacred writings, people who have no care for the shared symbols that define us as Christian. If we see ourselves as liberal, then we must be liberal in the name of the gospel, and not, as so often has been the case, liberal despite the gospel.

I think it important to state clearly that we do, in fact, reject the straightforward commands of Scripture, and appeal instead to another authority when we declare that same-sex unions can be holy and good. And what exactly is that authority? We appeal explicitly to the weight of our own experience and the experience thousands of others have witnessed to, which tells us that to claim our own sexual orientation is in fact to accept the way in which God has created us. By so doing, we explicitly reject as well the premises of the scriptural statements condemning homosexuality-namely, that it is a vice freely chosen, a symptom of human corruption, and disobedience to God’s created order.

I will say a further word about “experience,” a term that without careful discernment may become simply an excuse for irresponsible behavior. First, though, it is important to acknowledge that terms like “sexual orientation,” and even “heterosexual” and “homosexual” are themselves distorting oversimplifications of complex human realities. One reason for paying attention to specific human stories, in fact, is that they so often prove more complex and obscure than the categories that polarize debates and block discernment.

Implicit in an appeal to experience is also an appeal to the living God whose creative work never ceases, who continues to shape humans in his image every day, in ways that can surprise and even shock us. Equally important, such an appeal goes to the deepest truth revealed by Scripture itself-namely, that God does create the world anew at every moment, does call into being that which is not, and does raise the dead to new and greater forms of life.

Our situation vis-à-vis the authority of Scripture is not unlike that of abolitionists in nineteenth-century America. During the 1850s, arguments raged over the morality of slave-holding, and the exegesis of Scripture played a key role in those debates. The exegetical battles were one-sided: all abolitionists could point to was Galatians 3:28 and the Letter of Philemon, while slave owners had the rest of the Old and New Testaments, which gave every indication that slaveholding was a legitimate, indeed God-ordained social arrangement, one to which neither Moses nor Jesus nor Paul raised a fundamental objection. So how is it that now, in the early twenty-first century, the authority of the scriptural texts on slavery and the arguments made on their basis appear to all of us, without exception, as completely beside the point and deeply wrong?

The answer is that over time the human experience of slavery and its horror came home to the popular conscience-through personal testimony and direct personal contact, through fiction like Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and, of course, through a great Civil War in which ghastly numbers of people gave their lives so that slaves could be seen not as property but as persons. As persons, they could be treated by the same law of love that governed relations among all Christians, and could therefore eventually also realize full civil rights within society. And once that experience of their full humanity and the evil of their bondage reached a stage of critical consciousness, this nation could neither turn back to the practice of slavery nor ever read the Bible in the same way again.

Many of us who stand for the full recognition of gay and lesbian persons within the Christian communion find ourselves in a position similar to that of the early abolitionists-and of the early advocates for women’s full and equal roles in church and society. We are fully aware of the weight of scriptural evidence pointing away from our position, yet place our trust in the power of the living God to reveal as powerfully through personal experience and testimony as through written texts. To justify this trust, we invoke the basic Pauline principle that the Spirit gives life but the letter kills (2 Corinthians 3:6). And if the letter of Scripture cannot find room for the activity of the living God in the transformation of human lives, then trust and obedience must be paid to the living God rather than to the words of Scripture.

For me this is no theoretical or academic position, but rather a passionate conviction. It is one many of us have come to through personal struggle, and for some, real suffering. In my case, I trusted that God was at work in the life of one of my four daughters, who struggled against bigotry to claim her sexual identity as a lesbian. I trusted God was at work in the life she shares with her partner-a long-lasting and fruitful marriage dedicated to the care of others, and one that has borne fruit in a wonderful little girl who is among my and my wife’s dear grandchildren. I also trusted the many stories of students and friends whose life witnessed to a deep faith in God but whose bodies moved sexually in ways different from the way my own did. And finally I began to appreciate the ways in which my own former attitudes and language had helped to create a world where family, friends, and students were treated cruelly.

These are significant recognitions, ones that arise from hard-fought daily experience. It is extraordinarily important, however, that those of us who base our convictions on experience do not make the category of experience a form of cheap grace, as though whatever feels good is morally acceptable. By “experience” we do not mean every idiosyncratic or impulsive expression of human desire. We refer rather to those profound stories of bondage and freedom, longing and love, shared by thousands of persons over many centuries and across many cultures, that help define them as human. The church cannot say “yes” to what the New Testament calls porneia (“sexual immorality”); but the church must say yes to the witness of lives that build the holiness of the church.

The challenge, therefore, is to discern what constitutes the positive and negative in sexual behavior. A start would be to adapt Galatians 3:28 and state that “in Christ there is neither gay nor straight”-and on that basis, to begin to ask serious questions concerning the holiness of the church, applying the same criteria on both sides. If porneia among heterosexuals includes promiscuity, violence, and exploitation, then the church must condemn similar forms of homosexual activity. If the church condemns the bath-house style of gay life, it must also condemn the playboy style of straight life. Similarly, if holiness among heterosexuals includes fidelity, chastity, modesty, and fruitfulness, we can ask whether and how the same elements are present in same-sex love.

Such discernment is difficult, but it is necessary. I believe there is the deepest sort of consonance between such an approach to God’s revelation and the witness of the New Testament. Indeed, the New Testament compositions owe their existence to the struggle to resolve the cognitive dissonance between a set of sacred texts that appeared to exclude a crucified messiah as God’s chosen one (“cursed be everyone who hangs on a tree,” Deuteronomy 21:23) and the powerful experience of Jesus’ new and exalted life as Lord through the Holy Spirit-an experience that empowered the first believers.

In this interpretive struggle, brave witnesses like Paul refused to force their experience of God in Christ into the frame of their previous understanding of Scripture. Instead, they followed the witness of the experience of God in Christ among them, and in light of that experience began to reread and reinterpret all of their Scripture as prophecy that disclosed Christ in ways they had not perceived before-and could not have perceived before. In short, we would not have the New Testament as Scripture if the first believers had not been willing to obey the living God disclosed in their own bodies more than the precedents provided by the writings-writings they also, by the way, considered holy and inspired by God.

In my book, Scripture and Discernment: Decision-Making in the Church, I have discussed how the New Testament provides another important witness to the same process of faithful obedience to God’s direction in human stories. I refer to the account of the Acts of the Apostles (chapters 10-15) concerning the church’s decision to include Gentiles in the church without requiring them to be circumcised or to observe the Mosaic law. Luke’s narrative shows how God moved ahead of the human characters in accepting Gentiles as righteous, and how difficult it was for the church’s leaders to learn what God was up to. It shows, however, that Peter and Paul and James were open to the truth God wanted them to learn. They paid attention to human narratives-testimonies-that spoke of God at work among Gentiles in ways that not even Jewish believers in a crucified messiah could appreciate. The apostles had to be shown how the same Holy Spirit who had come upon them also came to those very unlike them, people whom they regarded as unclean by nature and evil in their practices. When shown the evidence of transformed lives, they saw and accepted what God was doing.

Accepting Gentiles as beloved of God was, to be sure, but one step, however dramatic and difficult. Harder still was finding a way for Jews and Gentiles to live together, sharing table fellowship in a world that took the body symbolism of eating at least as seriously as that of sex. Compromises on both sides were required for the church to remain united despite such important differences (Acts 15:20-21). Acts provides an example for us of the church discerning God’s activity in human lives, being obedient in faith to God’s self-disclosure in such stories, and then reinterpreting Scripture in light of the experience of God.

I suggest, therefore, that the New Testament provides impressive support for our reliance on the experience of God in human lives-not in its commands, but in its narratives and in the very process by which it came into existence. In what way are we to take seriously the authority of Scripture? What I find most important of all is not the authority found in specific commands, which are fallible, conflicting, and often culturally conditioned, but rather the way Scripture creates the mind of Christ in its readers, authorizing them to reinterpret written texts in light of God’s Holy Spirit active in human lives. When read within the perspective of a Scripture that speaks everywhere of a God disclosing Godself through human experience, our stories become the medium of God’s very revelation.

Along with Scripture, the teaching of the church on sexuality is based on what is called “natural law.” By no means do I want to dismiss this tradition. Indeed, in its positive dimensions, the natural-law tradition is compatible with my argument that moral thinking should begin with what God discloses to us in creation. But I add three cautionary points: (1) appeals to what is “natural” are often in fact appeals to what is culturally constructed (Paul’s argument in 1 Corinthians 11 on the veiling of women comes to mind), and must always be challenged on the basis of actual human experience; (2) determining what is “natural” or the “order of creation” is often-as in recent Vatican theology-far removed from the analysis of actual human existence, and instead represents a form of essentialist thinking on the basis of Scripture; (3) appeals to the order of creation need to be chastened-as Paul himself recognized in 1 Corinthians 11-by the recognition that the “new creation” brought about by the Resurrection of Jesus has real implications for our understanding of the body and sexuality (see 1 Corinthians 6-7).

Still another New Testament story holds exemplary significance for us today, from the part of the Gospel of John that has come to be called “the Book of Signs.” All of John 9 is taken up with the story of Jesus healing a man born blind, and the controversy with parents and Jewish leaders that follows that healing. Significantly, the story begins with Jesus rejecting the notion that the man’s blindness was the result of anybody’s sin, either his or his parents. His body was simply an opportunity for Jesus to show the “outward sign” of God’s presence and power in the world-what John calls his “glory,” through Jesus’ transformation of his life. Jesus is the light of the world, and his touch brings the man’s body into the light, so that he is no longer simply the object of other people’s gaze, but one who himself sees, perceives, and assesses his own life and that of others. This specific man’s body becomes the place where God’s action in the world is revealed (9:1-7).

Though neither his acquaintances nor his family understand how he has received his sight, they believe him when he tells them that Jesus was the one who gave him this great gift (9:8-12). But those John calls “the Jews” and “the Pharisees” do not accept his story, informing him that Jesus “is not from God, for he does not observe the Sabbath” (9:16). When the man insists that Jesus is the one who healed him, they reject his account and admonish him: “Give glory to God; we know that this man is a sinner.” But the healed man is steadfast. “Whether he is a sinner, I do not know; what I do know is that I was blind and now I can see.” And: “Never since the world began has it been heard that anyone opened the eyes of a man born blind. If this man were not from God, he could do nothing.” The man’s experience and testimony stand against the authorities’ insistence that God can only act within the framework of righteousness as defined by traditional piety.

The Pharisees’ sin has come to be called “scotosis,” a deliberate and willful darkening of the mind that results from the refusal to acknowledge God’s presence and power at work in human stories. If the neglect of Scripture is a form of sin, John suggests, a blind adherence to Scripture when God is trying to show us the truth in human bodies is also a form of sin, and a far more grievous one. Both our own sense of integrity as Christians, and our hope of entering into positive conversation with those who disagree with us, obligate us to engage Scripture with maximum devotion, love, and intelligence. If it is risky to trust ourselves to the evidence of God at work in transformed lives even when it challenges the clear statements of Scripture, it is a far greater risk to allow the words of Scripture to blind us to the presence and power of the living God.

Luke Timothy Johnson, a frequent contributor, is the author of The Creed (Doubleday) among other books.

EXPERIENCE AND TRADITION
Eve Tushnet

One of the frightening aspects of loving somebody is the way that love can seem to offer unique access not only to pleasure but to truth. Love of another person-not only romantic love, but familial love and deep friendship as well-promises or threatens to reshape us completely. It can become the lens through which we see the world.

When I came out as a lesbian, provoked in part by a puppyish crush, I felt as though I had found the key that unlocked the secrets of the world. The only experience that has ever given me a greater rush of self-understanding was my conversion to Catholicism. The two experiences felt weirdly similar: both were frightening and illuminating, separating me to a certain extent from friends and family, yet both were prompted by love.

Perhaps this similarity between love of another person and love of God is one reason that Scripture makes love between humans one of its central metaphors for the love story of God and humankind-while also asserting the primacy of the divine love story over, and sometimes against, the human ones. Scripture gives us “His banner over me was love” (Song of Songs 2:4), but also “If any one comes to me and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple” (Luke 14:26). We should seek to reconcile love of God and love of others whenever they appear to conflict. But we can’t simply assume that such a conflict never exists-or that, if a conflict seems to arise, God couldn’t possibly be asking us to sacrifice a human relationship.

Luke Timothy Johnson’s essay (page 14) touches on some of the deepest questions for a Christian: How do I understand and express my love for others? How should I let love reshape me? How should I read Scripture, especially in light of this love? For the Catholic, Johnson addresses an additional question: How should I read Scripture by the light of the church? And for an American in 2007, he adds a question that has become unavoidable: How can a Christian understand homosexuality?

Johnson’s conclusions are quite different from my own (and don’t reflect my experience). But his questions are the right ones, and his approach is far more fruitful than the ways in which our culture most often handles homosexuality.

Homosexuality has become a cultural battleground for reasons that have very little to do with Catholic morality or scriptural prohibitions. So many people, including many Catholics, meet the idea that gay couples are doing something wrong with blank incomprehension for a lot of reasons. Some are obvious: changing views of sex (including the wishful-thinking belief that birth control has separated sex from reproduction-spend an evening at a crisis pregnancy center and you’ll quickly figure out how much the pill didn’t change); the growing tendency to think of the body more as an instrument, to be used by the mind, than as a sign with its own integrity.

But others are less obvious and perhaps more emotionally powerful. Several recent studies have found that Americans are having a harder time making and keeping close personal relationships. We move halfway across the country, we replace communal gathering places like churches with more solitary “third places” like coffee shops, we have an intense longing for familial connection but terrible difficulty keeping our families together. And so we’re ready to cheer on any kind of personal connection at all, any love that lasts, since we see it much more rarely than we used to.

Anxieties about homosexuality are often driven by anxieties about masculinity. A lot of men, whether consciously or subconsciously, view lesbians as women outside male control, and gay men as traitors and predators, denying their own masculinity and threatening the masculinity of other men. This attitude may be nonsense (how is your masculinity threatened because another guy thinks you’re attractive?), but it’s real. So any discussion of homosexuality taps into deep-seated fears about what it means to be a man, and whether differences between men and women are created by the culture to keep women subordinate. We’re willing to do all kinds of terrible things in order to attain or keep a valued social role, a narrative that makes us feel worthy. For many men, achieving manhood is a major part of their identity. Acceptance of homosexuality-a worldview in which men and women are interchangeable in their sexual and familial roles-can feel deeply threatening. And men whose social roles and sense of their own masculine identity are threatened do sometimes-this is shocking, I know-become irrational and violent.

The often vicious and violent anxiety about masculinity is one reason that the ways in which homosexuality is stigmatized in our culture look nothing like the ways we treat many other things Scripture calls vices. Kids on the playground taunt each other for being gay, even disparaging other kids’ backpacks or pencil cases as “so gay.” People get beaten up or harassed on the street for their real or perceived homosexuality. Parents reject their children for coming out-I suspect most gay people know at least a few friends who were rejected in the most hurtful and vicious ways. (If we care about family breakup, we need to care about families broken by the actions of homophobic parents, as well as those broken by divorce.) This isn’t how we treat the acts we really consider sinful. It’s how we treat scapegoats.

Catholics who find it difficult, even impossible, to believe the traditional Catholic story of sexual morality are often reacting to this cultural landscape. They see devoted couples on one side, violent insecurity and parental rejection on the other. And they see Catholic prohibitions against homosexual acts as providing an excuse for the violent and the cruel.

So it’s tempting to conclude that prohibitions against homosexuality are culture-bound, no more universally binding than the requirement that women cover their heads in church. It’s true that culture conditions how we read Scripture, and that as Christians we need to be open to the countercultural implications of the gospel. But this fact argues far more strongly against Johnson’s position than against the church’s. If we seek to overcome any aspects of our culture that conflict with the gospel, I’m not sure why we would expect the gay liberation movement-slightly over a hundred years old, and largely Western in character-to be less culture-bound, and therefore a better guide to the countercultural aspects of the gospel, than the Catholic Church. The church is bigger and older than you, me, or the very concept of the homosexual person. (The view that sexual orientation is intrinsic and constitutive of a person’s deepest identity comes from a school of psychology that owes very little to the gospel, and a great deal to anti-Christian forms of philosophical materialism.)

Experience is itself a kind of text, and texts need interpreters. How often have we thought that we understood our experiences, only to realize later that we had only the barest understanding of our own motives and impulses? We all know how flexible memory can be, how easy it is to give an overly gentle account of our own motivations, how hard it is to step outside our lifelong cultural training and see with the eyes of another time or place. To my mind, Johnson’s approach places far too much trust in personal experience. He views our experience as both more transparent and less fallible than it is. To take personal experience as our best and sturdiest guide seems like a good way to replicate all of our personal preferences and cultural blind spots. Scripture is weird and tangly and anything but obvious-but at least it wasn’t written by someone who shared all our desires, preferences, and cultural background. At least it wasn’t written by us. And so it’s necessary to turn at least as much skepticism on “the voice of experience” as Johnson turns on the voice of Scripture. It’s necessary to look at least as hard for alternative understandings of our experience as for alternative understandings of Scripture.

And in fact there are theologians who, allowing themselves to be surprised and guided by Scripture and church teaching, have provided accounts of sexuality that resonate with my own experience in a lot of ways. The only theological “school” or approach that has helped me understand at least parts of the church teaching on homosexuality is the theology of the body. This approach, or my understanding of it, is imperfect; but it’s much more convincing to me than the often mechanistic natural-law approaches, which tend to assume cultural consensus on teleology.

As I understand it, the theology of the body takes Jesus’ words on Jewish divorce laws as its starting point: “From the beginning it was not so” (Matthew 19:8). In this approach, we look to Genesis, to the creation narratives, to discover who we truly are and how we could most perfectly relate to one another. Although marriage is the primary focus of the theology of the body, sexual difference is a recurring theme.

And here we discover that la différence is at the heart of human nature. Before we relate to one another as parent and child, worker and boss, artist and audience, soldier and comrade, or any other relationship, we are man and woman. Before we have any other identity (excepting, of course, our most central identity as children of God), we have sexual identity.

I believe that. Through history and in almost all great art, he and she are distinct, and their difference is fundamental in a way that class differences, ethnic differences, maybe even differences of belief are not. And yet every attempt to codify sexual difference fails. People (mostly men) keep making these lists to explain what distinguishes men and women: Women are more practical, or more fickle, or more romantic or less; they’re more nurturing or more petty or more gentle, more selfless or more selfish. These lists aren’t just false, they’re also boring. They take the vivid reality of sexual difference and flatten it out, drain the color from it. What good is an understanding of womanhood that would leave out Shakespeare’s Cleopatra, or Molly Bloom?

The theology of the body, almost alone among theories of la différence, avoids the listmaking trap. Here, man is defined by his longing for woman, woman by her longing for man; this is the “nuptial meaning of the body.” The male becomes a man and the female a woman in their yearning for each other. Love of the other both creates and reconciles the sexes.

There are some obvious attractions of this theology. It’s very beautiful. It reconciles two seemingly irreconcilable facts (the enduring importance of sexual difference, and the impossibility of defining that difference through lists of qualities). It focuses on the creation of identity through love of another, whose otherness remains even as the two become “one flesh.” This supports the metaphorical use of human love in Scripture, and even deepens our understanding of that metaphor.

But there are equally obvious problems with applying this Genesis model to homosexuality. I’ve never found that lesbian women were less womanly, or gay men less manly. Either I’m misunderstanding the implications of the theology of the body, or I’m misunderstanding my own experience. (Or both, of course!) Moreover, showing that homosexual relationships are imperfect, that they do not echo our life in Eden as well as heterosexual relationships can, might not be the same as showing that gay sex is always and everywhere wrong. In his book Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America, the gay-rights advocate Jonathan Rauch, an atheist, calls homosexuality “a (mild) disability,” but not an inclination to immorality. And the “theology of the body” approach doesn’t give any guidance on the questions currently most pressing to me: How can I express my love of women in ways consonant with church teaching; and how can I deepen my love of Christ through all the other loves in my life, including romantic love?

So I’m not completely satisfied, yet, with the explanations I’ve seen for church teaching. I do think I’m closer to understanding it now than I was when I was confirmed. I see more of the beauty in the teaching now, and I think I’m at the point of beginning actual theological investigation of the question, rather than just staring at the church in utter confusion. Both the theologians and I have a lot of work to do here. You might even say that Johnson and I agree that what the church has done so far on this issue isn’t enough-we just disagree on which approaches might bear fruit in the future.

The coming-out story is a quintessentially American story. It is self-discovery in opposition to societal regulation. It is personal liberation-as American as “lighting out for the territory.” There are ways to tell the Christian story so that it corresponds very well to this story of self-discovery and liberation: through Christ we are freed from sin and come to know ourselves; in Nietzsche’s phrase, we “become what we are.” But there are other ways of talking about Christian life-ways that focus on sacrifice, martyrdom, dying in Christ to live with him-which are perhaps less quintessentially American, and for that reason all the more necessary for us. There’s a reason all Catholic churches have a crucifix, an image of the tortured God.

Johnson, like many writers who oppose the church’s prohibition against all homosexual acts, points to the real virtues exhibited by so many gay couples: loyalty, caretaking, and compassion. Anyone who supports church teaching must still acknowledge that these virtues are real; that deep, often sacrificial love works through these couples like gold threads in cloth. The question is whether that is enough. How could it not be? How could Christ require more?

And behold, one came up to him, saying, “Teacher, what good deed must I do, to have eternal life?” And he said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good? One there is who is good. If you would enter life, keep the commandments.” ...The young man said to him, “All these I have observed; what do I still lack?” Jesus said to him, “If you would be perfect, go, sell what you possess and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me.” When the young man heard this he went away sorrowful; for he had great possessions. (Matthew 19:16-22)

The sacrifices you want to make aren’t always the only sacrifices God wants.

And so the central problem emerges: Whom do we follow? How do we follow love? Can a human beloved have the same ability to overturn us completely-to read and interpret and reshape us-that Jesus himself has? Can love of another person do the same work as the love of God?

Almost all the time, love of God will deepen and strengthen our love of others in obvious ways, rather than conflicting with that love or posing a dilemma. And so we are tempted to believe that our love of God and our love of others won’t ever conflict. But there will be times when it does seem like God is asking us to choose. At the very least, God may require us to radically reshape our understanding of what love of another person should look like. God may ask you not to stop loving your partner but to express that love without sex.

The analogy between God’s love for us and our love for one another is real but partial, and needs to be understood in light of the entire teaching of the church. The church does not teach that whatever anyone does out of a deep conviction and a desire to express love is always intrinsically good. We can sincerely seek to do good and yet actually act wrongly; this happens all the time. Even the saints get stuff wrong, as do all kinds of loving, sincere people. It might even be said that the reason we have church teaching in the first place is that loving, sincere people do their best and still sometimes get things very wrong.

Johnson begins by saying that his position “stand[s] in tension with Scripture.” But he then seems to use human beloveds as a kind of walking Scripture in themselves, able to contradict and correct the merely paper canon. So he writes:

I think it important [for the integrity of our position] to state clearly that we do, in fact, reject the straightforward commands of Scripture, and appeal instead to another authority when we declare that same-sex unions can be holy and good. And what exactly is that authority? We appeal explicitly to the weight of our own experience and the experience thousands of others have witnessed to, which tells us that to claim our own sexual orientation is in fact to accept the way in which God has created us.

I’m not convinced this is how human love stories relate to the divine love story. Loving one another can be an echo of the love we receive from God; it can be the child of that love; it can be preparation for our own awestruck love of God. (I would argue that my erotic and romantic love of women has been all three of those things, at different times.) But our human experience, including our erotic experience, cannot be a replacement for the divine revelation preserved by the church. We must be careful not to let it become a counternarrative or a counter-Scripture.

So we’re left back where we started: with the seemingly irresolvable conflict between the church’s teaching on the one hand, and the difficulty of believing that teaching for many contemporary Catholics.

I am unimpressed with the attempts to resolve the conflict by negating the teaching. And so I have to seek ways to make that teaching more intelligible. I hope this essay has suggested some ways already. Strengthen your families (and your friendships). Accept your children, loving and welcoming them, even, and perhaps especially, when you can’t approve of all of their beliefs or choices. (Welcome your children’s friends, as well, especially those who have been rejected or hurt by their own parents.) Don’t set homosexuality apart, a specially and un-Scripturally stigmatized and identity-shaping category. Accept the sacrifices of Catholic life; don’t try to wriggle out of them when they hurt you, as they inevitably will. Don’t try to ignore them when they hurt someone you love; offer the real compassion of friendship, helping your loved one carry the cross, as Simon of Cyrene did for our Lord, not the false compassion of “whatever you think best, honey.”

I was incredibly lucky. I did not have to overcome familial rejection when I came out. I didn’t face violence or even much teasing. And, of course, this charmed life made it easier for me to believe that Catholic teaching was not based in hatred. I was equally lucky that the friends whose influence ultimately helped me accept the grace of conversion didn’t focus on my sexual orientation. They knew I was gay, and that I was pretty vocal about it. They tried, when I asked, to explain church teaching on homosexuality, but did it very poorly. I’m glad that they instead wanted to talk with me about the Crucifixion as the reconciliation of justice and mercy, or Creation as an explanation of the goodness and intrinsic, poetic meaning of the physical world. There are obviously things that could have been done or said better. I remember one very sweet, good-hearted priest who tried to help me out (again, because I asked him to) by comparing lesbian sex to trying to use a doorknob wrapped in barbed wire. I did my best to cover my bewilderment with politeness.

When I was baptized and confirmed, pledging, “I believe all that the Catholic Church believes and teaches,” I did it basically as a leap of faith. I knew why I needed to be Catholic; I knew that as a Catholic I’d have to follow this stuff, faith seeking understanding and all that; I trusted that eventually I would understand the reasons behind the teaching a little better. And I do. Even so, I waver on how much I think I understand the teaching from day to day.

But what has constantly surprised me about the Catholic Church is just how much there is for me here. There is a rich theology of friendship, helping me to express my love of women both sacrificially and chastely. There’s honor for both celibacy and married life, and resources for living fruitfully in either of these states. We have Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales, we have saints who are possibly even crazier than I am, we have the Anima Christi and Thomas à Kempis’s rewriting of the Song of Songs as a hymn to the crucified Christ. I feel as if every week or so I discover yet another hidden treasure of the church that speaks to me in exactly the way I need in order to deal specifically with my struggles, resentments, longings, and strengths as a woman and a lesbian. We can make the church’s teaching believable by becoming more Catholic-which is, not coincidentally, what we should be doing anyway.

Eve Tushnet is a freelance journalist in Washington, D.C. She blogs at http://eve-tushnet.blogspot.com

Love, don't judge

By Louis R. Carlozo, Theolog (the 'blog of The Christian Century)
May 30, 2007

Not long before his death, Jerry Falwell, the Religious Right’s resident lightning rod and 800 lb. theological/political gorilla, crowed that the concern over the environment was a demonic distraction from the “real” issues of the day, including gay marriage. It’s not my job to dissect the moral “right versus wrong” of homosexuality. But many homosexuals are Christians. Therefore, it doesn’t matter whether you embrace the concept of the “more light” church or try to call a technical foul by waving the Book of Romans around like a Pharisee dressed in a referee’s outfit—no Christian should be claiming the moral authority to take away a person’s proclaimed faith in Jesus.

Christ has accounted for each one of us by heaping more grace into our lives than any of us deserves. The only appropriate response is to keep our wretchedness, our falling short, our deceptions and our misdeeds in mind as we celebrate our forgiveness daily, and with humility. In imitation of Christ, we should extend that same grace to others. We all belong to the community of the brutally broken made whole by a force of love we cannot understand.

The instant we try to set limits or definitions on that love, we are sinning again. I would rather proclaim my foolishness in Christ—and my ignorance—than profess to know answers about things I can’t see through this dark glass of mortality.

What I do know is that people need love. Healing. Peace. Shelter. Nurture. Living water. For me to get involved, I’m going to need every ounce of energy I have, and supernatural energy that I don’t.

Jerry Falwell’s myopic obsession with gay marriage was a demonic distraction from these and other life-and-death struggles: poverty, AIDS, a war without end in Iraq, and the unnecessary destruction of our planet by greenhouse gasses.

Louis R. Carlozo, a Chicago Tribune editor and DVD columnist, teaches reporting and writing at Loyola University in Chicago.

Alien Witness

How God's people challenge empire

The Christian Century, March 6, 2007

by Walter Brueggemann

For complex historical and religious reasons, Americans have found it easy to view the U.S. as the "new Israel," the carrier of God's mandates in the world. This view has led to an expansive notion of the nation's "manifest destiny" and to all manner of initiatives under the general rubric of America's exceptional character and mission.

A close reading of the Bible might suggest that the U.S., rather than being "God's Israel" in the world, occupies the biblical role of empire, whether that of Egypt, Assyria, Babylon or Persia. If we entertain that connection, then we may also entertain the idea that God's people in the U.S. are assigned the role that is played in the Old Testament by ancient Israel, the role of being critically engaged with the empire without forgetting or compromising its own distinct identity.

Clearly, there were those in Israel who signed on with the empire; but they were not the ones who were the wave of the future for God's people. The ones who mattered in the long run were those who kept their critical distance, who regularly reminded the empire of that which it wanted to forget: that human power is penultimate, that there are limits to the power of empire, and that power finally is judged according to its enactments of mercy, compassion and justice.

The story of Joseph in the book of Genesis serves as a counterexample to the primary mode of Israel's role in the face of empire. Joseph not only interprets Pharaoh's dream, which is a predictable dream of scarcity in the empire (Gen. 41:14-32), but nominates himself as one "discerning and wise" who can organize the imperial response to the nightmare (v. 33). The phrase discerning and wise bespeaks a well-grounded pragmatism that knows how the world works.

With his self-nomination accepted and affirmed, Joseph formulates a policy that is aimed at overcoming the nightmare of scarcity and remedying the empire's anxiety. It is a policy of monopoly (Gen. 47:13-26). The reach of empire toward monopoly, based on a preoccupation with scarcity, is the story line of this narrative as it is the story line of every empire that seeks more—more land, more people, more taxes, more power, more influence, more oil.

Once he has all the food in hand, Joseph's strategy is to treat it as a weapon; he trades food for the peasants' money, then for the peasants' livestock (their means of production), then for the peasants' land, and finally for the peasants' bodies—they are made into slaves. So totalizing is the imperial narrative that the peasants express gratitude for their condition: "You have saved our lives; may it please my lord, we will be slaves to Pharaoh" (Gen. 47:25).

The narrator expresses no surprise at this course of events, but surely we sense the profound irony of the story: Joseph, son of Jacob, an Israelite, has taken the lead in initiating a royal monopoly. So effective is Joseph that only four chapters later, in Exodus 1, his own people share in the subjugation of the empire. For that reason, Leon Kass can speak of the "Egyptianization" of Joseph, or we may say the "imperialization" of Joseph, who succumbs to the imperial account of reality and submerges his Israelite identity into the totalizing horizon of Pharaoh. It is not necessary here to trace the end of the Israelite account of Pharaoh's empire beyond noticing that he was overthrown because the God of the peasant-slaves will not finally be mocked or disregarded (Exod. 14-15). In the Exodus narrative, Pharaoh has many chances to accommodate his slave class; he cannot do so, however, because he is so attached to his status.

A very different narrative appears in the book of Daniel. The figure of Daniel is affirmed as a model for how to negotiate with the empire and also maintain one's Jewish identity. Daniel 1 introduces the reader to Daniel's passionate faith: he accepts a civil service assignment in the empire but refuses, in the training program, to eat the junk food (Dan. 1:8) of the empire (anticipating Jesus' warning against "the yeast of Herod" in Mark 8:15).

After that act of resistance, Daniel replicates the work of Joseph: he interprets King Nebuchadnezzar's nightmare when the imperial intelligence apparatus fails to decipher a message from heaven. In this account Daniel is celebrated not as "discerning and wise," as was Joseph, but rather as "endowed with a spirit of the holy gods" (4:18). The phrasing may suggest that Daniel at the outset was rooted more fully than was Joseph in his own tradition and identity.

In any case, Nebuchadnezzar's dream is not unlike Pharaoh's. He dreams of a violent dismantling of imperial power that has become excessively arrogant and undisciplined. Like Joseph, Daniel is asked by the empire's king what to do. While Joseph had urged a policy of royal monopoly, Daniel makes a response that is congruent with his membership in the community of Israel. His response is so Jewish that it must have sounded very strange to the empire: "Therefore, O king, may my counsel be acceptable to you: atone for your sins with righteousness, and your iniquities with mercy to the oppressed, so that your prosperity may be prolonged" (Dan. 4:27).

Daniel's response is not to accommodate the empire but to insist on the nonnegotiable character of life in God's world. His premise is that the empire has sinned and that appropriate action must be taken for atonement of sin. The empire is answerable.

At the end of his response, Daniel issues the quintessential Jewish mandate, "Mercy to the oppressed." What a mouthful! The empire has not noticed those whom it had oppressed in its expansionist pursuit of monopoly. Or if it has noticed, it has not assumed that the plight of the oppressed requires any intentional response, the oppressed being without right or entitlement or even identity. The claim of mercy must be a stunner to an empire that is not accustomed to anything so "soft," so human, so risky. The simple mandate of Daniel, of course, directly contradicts the imagined ultimacy of the empire.

In chapter 4 all the dreamed-of threats against the empire are realized. In fact, the empire becomes (and here the term is precise) crazy; sanity ("reason") returns to Nebuchadnezzar only when the empire recognizes its penultimacy and the need to yield to the ultimacy of the "Most High," which leads to a doxology in which the empire concedes its own penultimate role (vv. 34-35). This narrative holds out the possibility that empire may indeed yield to the High God and may return to sane power. But without sanity before God and mercy before the oppressed neighbor, there is no chance for "prosperity" (4:27).

The word mercy invites us to consider one other text, again concerning Nebuchadnezzar. Isaiah 47 offers a prophetic philosophy of history that provides a clue to the way in which faith may be attested positively in the face of empire. YHWH speaks:

I was angry with my people,
          I profaned my heritage;
I gave them into your hand,
          you showed them no mercy;
on the aged you made your yoke
          exceedingly heavy.

This poetic vision from Second Isaiah concedes that Yahweh gives the empire permission to act against God's own people. The unleashing of the ferociousness of the empire is, so the poem asserts, by divine intention. We are, however, stopped short by the line, "You showed no mercy." There is the word we heard on the lips of Daniel. The empire was expected to be merciful even to those who were vulnerable and subject to imperial domination.

The dream mandate to Nebuchadnezzar makes no mention of mercy. I should imagine, moreover, that Nebuchadnezzar would have protested to the prophetic poet or directly to YHWH: "You never said anything about mercy!" Of course not! It does not need to be voiced. Mercy is implied. It is always the will of the creator God; anyone who comes to power must know this, because it is the creator God who gives sovereignty "to whom he wills" (Dan. 4:20). And therefore, says the poet Isaiah, because Nebuchadnezzar did not know the one thing that empires must know—that God wills mercy— his empire is under judgment and must soon be dismantled.

Of course, these poetic and narrative ruminations are no more than wistful traces of a faith that imagines the world differently. But it is exactly such traces that were entrusted to Israel, to the ironic narrator in Genesis, to the storyteller in Daniel, to the poet in Isaiah. This community is equipped only with narrative, story and poem. It proceeds by irony and by otherness. But the community persists long past empire, for empire in its arrogant autonomy has its day then ceases to be; empire never seems to learn that brutal expansionism has no future.

The drama of empire and church can be illuminated by the anthropological studies of James C. Scott. Scott suggests that in oppressed peasant communities the peasants maintain a "hidden transcript," a coded account of reality that is not public or known by the overlords, an account that tells the truth about social reality and that regularly subverts the pretentious posturing and oppressive policies of the powerful. The hidden transcript empowers the vulnerable in a way that may eventually defeat the false script of the overlords.

After thinking about Nebuchadnezzar and reading Scott, it occurred to me that the hidden transcript of the church in the U.S. empire takes the form of subversive resistance: bearing witness against the arrogant autonomy of the U.S. empire with its shameless militarism and its aggressive economic expansionism. That hidden script is one that we utter and enact every time we take part in liturgy, whereby we imagine the world differently. In that hidden script we regularly confess:

• that Jesus Christ suffered under Pontius Pilate and was crucified, dead and buried; and on the third day rose again from the dead;
• that he showed how broken bread is ample nourishment;
• that he showed that poured-out wine is the nectar of new life;
• that we anticipate the coming regime, for to none other belongs "the kingdom and the power and the glory."

In the Christmas story we remember that Jesus was born just as "Caesar" (the emperor) sent out a decree. On Good Friday we participate in the echoes of the crowd, "We have no king but Caesar [the emperor]." Caesar is everywhere in the narrative. The emperor is highly visible and powerful. But the community gathered around Jesus dares to commit itself to that alternative narrative that

he was crucified,
he is raised to new life,
he will come again in power.

This is the mystery of faith, not to be "explained," but to be uttered in the face of the empire.

The community of God's people never has it easy in the empire. But that community never lives anywhere else. In such a context, life in faith requires irony, whimsy and shrewdness; but it also requires resolve not to give in on what constitutes ultimacy.

It is always difficult to imagine how mercy can penetrate the totalizing narrative of the empire. There seems not much that the church can do given the mess and the shrillness of ideology. Except that the church can do everything. It can tell the truth of the real world against the imagined world of the empire. It can attest that empires will never do well by embracing nightmares of scarcity.

The church begins that task by learning to read and hear the text. The meaning of the hidden transcript is not available to the empire, but that is its subversive wonder. The one at the center of the hidden transcript said, in giving encouragement to his disciples: "I thank you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and the intelligent and have revealed them to infants; yes, Father, for such was your gracious will. All things have been handed over to me by my Father; and no one knows who the Son is except the Father, or who the Father is except the Son and anyone to whom the Son chooses to reveal him" (Luke 10:21-22).

Luke goes on to say: "Then turning to the disciples, Jesus said to them privately, 'Blessed are the eyes that see what you see! For I tell you that many prophets and kings desired to see what you see, but did not see it, and to hear what you hear, but did not hear it'" (10:23-24).

The church gathered around Jesus is that body that sees and knows what is not available to kings and to the intelligence community. What a risky marvel is entrusted to the church. It all revolves around the strange term mercy, a practice that precludes the lethal habits of the empire.

Walter Brueggemann is emeritus professor of Old Testament at Columbia Theological Seminary in Decatur, Georgia.   

Countering Pharaoh… Week 5: Feb. 18, 2007

The title of our concluding session is “On Not Doing God Any Favors.”  The recommended reading is:

Psalm 50:7-15
Deuteronomy 6:4-9

Lucy Wagner

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“For your prayer, your journey into God, may  you be given a small storm, a little hurricane, named after you, persistent enough to get your attention, violent enough to awaken you to new depths, strong enough to shake you to the roots, majestic enough to remind you of your origin: made of earth yet steeped in eternity, frail human dust yet soaked with infinity…In the midst of these holy winds, in the midst of this divine wrestling, your storm journey, like all hurricanes, leads you into the eye, the Eye of God.”

A 'Demonic Destructive Suction Tube'

by Duane Shank, God's Politics blog, February 7, 2007

The administration’s FY 2008 budget was delivered to Congress yesterday. Depending on who’s counting and what their definitions are, the total for “security” spending – including the Defense Department base budget, Homeland Security budget, Iraq/Afghanistan war budget, and an additional war supplemental appropriation for FY 2007 – appears to be in the neighborhood of $750 billion. This is, as The Washington Times reported,

an increase of 4 percent from the current year and the largest sum in inflation-adjusted dollars since 1946 after the end of World War II. Including national security programs of other agencies, such as the Departments of State and Energy, the United States would spend more on security next year than the rest of the world combined. [emphasis mine]

By contrast, all non-defense/security discretionary spending comes to around $400 billion. A number of key social programs are slated for elimination, while others have their funding cut, and still others receive a reduced rate of increase that will not keep up with population growth and need.

I am reminded again of a section from Dr. Martin Luther King’s 1967 speech at Riverside Church. In Beyond Vietnam - A Time to Break Silence, Dr. King spoke of the ongoing struggle against poverty and what was happening to it:

There is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I, and others, have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor – both black and white – through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated, as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war, and I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube. So, I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.

This time, a war in Iraq – but the same point. The war is an enemy of the poor and America will never invest the necessary funds or energies in combating poverty as long as wars take the people, skills, and money. Dr. King concluded:

A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death.

Forty years later, those words ring as true as they did then. The "demonic destructive suction tube" continues to lead to our spiritual death.

Duane Shank is senior policy adviser for Sojourners/Call to Renewal.

When fear goes, good things happen

Editorial, National Catholic Reporter, February 9, 2007

“Every once in a while,” writes Vince Grenough, coordinator of the Louisville Area Voice of the Faithful, “something very special happens.” The special thing that Grenough and others experienced Jan. 23 was what Grenough described in a phone conversation as a remarkable day for a number of sex abuse victims during a brief time at Gethsemane Abbey in Kentucky.

The Trappist monks there invited a group of people, all of whom have been affected by the clergy sex abuse crisis, including two spouses and two adult children of survivors, to spend some time at the abbey. The monks wanted to hear their stories.

Because time was limited and there were many stories to tell, visitors were invited to write their stories and send them to the monks ahead of time.

In his e-mail to members and supporters of Voice of the Faithful after the visit, Grenough said Abbot Damien Thompson was uncertain how many monks would accept his invitation to participate. The visitors were hoping for up to a dozen; all 50 or so monks showed up.

When they met, they sat in a large circle and one by one the visitors explained who they were and how their lives had been affected by what had been done to them as children.

Those stories, and how victims were treated by bishops and others when they finally came forward, are always difficult to hear. But the monks listened, and they heard, too, from a survivor who “spoke highly of several priests and one deacon who responded as Jesus would have responded.”

When the stories ended, the group went to the abbey church for vespers, after which Abbot Damien “stood before the assembly and invited all to pray for intentions of healing, forgiveness and conversion.”

After Vespers, they ate dinner together, returned to the church for compline and then it was time to leave.

It is a shame that in some dioceses Voice of the Faithful is not allowed to meet on church property. It is, somehow, viewed as the enemy. Mostly it wants an honest and healthy church.

It is good, however, that the church is big and broad enough and can be so extravagantly welcoming that all can find a place to come in and get warm.

“During the drive back to Louisville,” Grenough wrote in his e-mail, “some of the survivors who normally cannot stand to go near a Catholic church said that they want to go back to the abbey -- soon and often.”

When fear is banished, something special indeed can happen.

National Catholic Reporter, February 9, 2007

Adapting ourselves to adoptive grace

by Simon Barrow
Ekklesia News Service, January 26, 2007

It would appear that the most senior figures in the English Catholic and Anglican churches have no real idea just how bad they look to a massive number of people right now. Living in something of an ecclesial cocoon, they express "shock" at the reaction to their determination to discriminate. I refer, of course, to the unseemly row over the Equality Act 2006 (due to be implemented on 6 April 2007) and Catholic adoption agencies.

These bodies do a good job, and receive public funds in a variety of ways, including local authority fees. It is not unreasonable, therefore, that they should be expected to comply with universal access regulations. But the church, which seems to be fixated on homosexuality at the moment (scandalously, it counts for much more than baptismal identity and commitment in determining one’s good standing), doesn't want to. It fears a threat to marriage – from what is certain to remain a small minority of adoptees.

The upshot is that if you are an atheist, a Muslim, a lone parent, divorced and remarried, or cohabiting - all estates which put you outside the Catholic fold, or at least its teaching - you can adopt through one of 12 Catholic agencies, provided that you can show you are a good parent. But if you are gay and in a permanent, stable partnership, you can't - even if you are an active, prayerful, dedicated Christian.

This will strike most people as odd, inconsistent and not a terribly good testimony to the transforming love of God. It will also, from April 2007, contravene the UK law, which wants to give lesbian and gay people the same rights as would rightly be expected to apply on grounds of race, gender, age, disability – or religion. The Cardinal Archbishop's response (backed by Canterbury and York) has been to threaten the closure of 'his' adoption agencies, while acknowledging that they assist the most vulnerable. This beggars belief.

In seeking compliance with the equalities agenda, no-one is requiring the church to change its teaching on homosexuality - though many of us feel that it can and should do so on perfectly mainstream, biblical, tradition-generated grounds. Evangelicals, too, are questioning the simplistic 'family values' agenda. This is not some wild liberal conspiracy.

No, what is being asked of the church as institution is that, in seeking the kudos and responsibility of being a public service provider, it does so with the same fairness and equanimity as anyone else. And that, in this case, it puts children first. As government minister Harriet Harman has put it, you can't be "a bit against discrimination". In this she is backed by a significant number of Christian MPs. Tony Blair, an Anglican, has said he personally supports gay adoptions, too.

Overall, this is another classic case of Christendom catatonia – the result of confusion between the polity of church and governance. If the churches choose to operate as service providers in the public arena (one they do not control, and where they will increasingly meet those with different convictions and values, moderated by elected authorities which have to make space for all), they need to be honest about the consequences. The option of withdrawing or establishing separate facilities where issues of conscience arise, remains. There is no threat to freedom of religion in this. Oh, and the C of E adoption agency, the Children's Society, has accepted gay couples as adoptees for the last eight years. Rowan Williams has personally supported one gay couple in the past. And senior Vatican official Cardinal Levada, when in California, allowed three such cases, too.

Significantly, one of the key terms the Epistle to the Ephesians uses to describe those who belong to the church is “adopted children of God”. The Pauline point is to stress that people belong to the family of Christ not because they are good, worthy, rich, of the ‘right’ family line, ethnicity, gender, theological persuasion, or anything else. No they are ‘in’ solely because the God of Jesus loves without discrimination, incorporating people through renewal and forgiveness – and they are a sign of that. Divine adoption is not about right or favour, but grace. It radically re-orders community.

The sad thing is that, overall the churches are patently not practicing this barrier-breaking ekklesia of equals created by the Gospel. They are resisting it. But as they struggle to accept the full humanity of the homosexual minority, those they are now claiming ‘rights against’ perhaps have something to show them of God's grace-drenched purposes.

Meanwhile the scaremongering about equalities, as if they are a special trial for the churches, continues. It's tragic. And no way to promote ‘family’ to the last, the least and the lost. Suffer the little children, indeed. And Ruth Kelly, who is under pressure from all sides.

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Also worth reading: the stimulating, humane and scholarly study by Professor Deirdre Good, Jesus' Family Values (2006) – available from the Ekklesia/Metanoia book service in the UK and from Church Publishing in the USA.

This piece is revised from an entry in the FaithInSociety weblog, together with excerpts from one of the author’s recent press articles.

Simon Barrow (www.simonbarrow.net) is co-director of Ekklesia. His background is in journalism, adult education, politics and theology, and his weblog is: http://faithinsociety.blogspot.com